
W41-On Gaurd
I would like to share with my readers some general fox habits and facts, I have found through research, about this very intriguing animal that is common to Maine and so much of the northern hemisphere.
The scientific name of red foxes or foxes, as they are commonly known, is Vulpes vulpes. Foxes are a member of the dog family, the Canidae and for this reason they are known as canids. Wolves, coyotes, arctic foxes and the domestic dog are also canids. Red foxes are native in North America and can be found throughout the United States and Canada except in the far north, where the arctic fox (scientific name Alopex lagopus) is better adapted to live, and in some parts of western United States.
The canids are carnivores (meat eaters) but their diet is generalized and opportunistic,

W44-Learning to Eat
adapting
to whatever foods are available locally. Red foxes are solitary hunters who feed on rodents, rabbits, birds, and other small game—but their diet can be as flexible as their home habitat. Foxes will eat fruit and vegetables, fish, frogs, and even worms. If living among humans, foxes will opportunistically dine on garbage and pet food. Primarily active at twilight, the red fox stalks its prey like a cat, gets as close as it can and then pounces on it and chases it. They will bury any left over food to save it for later. At this particular den site I was watching I saw, turkey parts, groundhog skins, moles, and domestic chicken feathers as evidence of the varied and opportunistic characteristics of this cunning and intelligent predator.

W20-Feeding Time
Similar to a cat’s, the bushy thick tail of a fox aids it’s balance, but it has other uses as well. The bushy tail aids the fox in keeping warm in cold weather and as a signal flag to communicate with other foxes.
Foxes make scent posts to signal each other by urinating on trees and rocks to announce their presence. Foxes are very territorial.
Foxes mate in the winter. The vixen (female) will give birth to 2 to 12 pups, the average being 4-5 after a gestation period of 52 days. When fox kits are first born, their eyes and ears are closed, they remain secluded in their den with their mother. The kits open their eyes at 14 days and are fully weaned by 10 weeks. As they develop, at about one month, they start venturing out to

W33-Four Kits Playing
play, attacking twigs, leaves and their siblings, but never far from the protection of the den. The vixen chooses a hollow log, an empty woodchuck hole or a roadside culvert for the nursery. This nest site provides her young protection from predators, especially coyotes. The male fox (called a dog) helps with the rearing by bringing the vixen food while she nurses their young and keeps the kits warm. Then later in the kits development both parents teach them how to forage for food.
A fox will have several den sites and will use the larger ones for rearing young and winter quarters. Prone to a variety of diseases and insects (ticks, fleas) the vixen will move the litter to a new cleaner den if the original den gets too infested. If one of the young become sick or diseased the mother will separate that one from the other kits far away from the den for protection of the remaining litter. That practice seems cruel to the one left to die on it’s own but is a instinct that helps the overall survival of the population.

W39-Sneak Attack
The red fox has all the makings of a true predator. Its eyesight, nose and hearing are highly tuned to pick up the slightest traces of nearby prey. Unlike other members of the canine family, the red fox’s hearing is attuned to low frequency sounds, enabling it pick up the quiet, digging sounds of a mouse or rabbit. A fox can hear a mouse in the grass nearly a hundred yards away in a field. There is reason for an old Native American Indian saying….” When a pine needle drops to the ground an eagle sees it, a bear smells it, and a fox hears it”.
The fox is much more active at night. Their
retinas in their eyes are dominated by photoreceptor cell called

W45-Female red Fox
rods. While rods can not detect color or produce images as sharp as the cone cells that dominate human eyes, they are much more sensitive and function better in low light. To further improve night vision, nocturnal animals such as foxes and cats developed a reflective layer behind the retina called the tapetum lucidum. It serves to reflect light back onto the retina, thereby doubling the animals acute chances to see something it might otherwise miss. This layer is what makes a cats acute eyes glow in the dark, and has the same effect with foxes. Under conditions of bright light, pupils constrict to protect the delicate photoreceptors. Dogs get by with round pupils, but with their more sensitive eyes, foxes have distinctive elliptical pupils that contract more fully. These features provide excellent ability to detect movement in the dark, although at the cost of clarity and detail particularly under lighter conditions.

W31-Cute Kits
By autumn, the pups begin to disperse. They start to spend more and more time away from the home den until they finally leave to find their own territories. The males leave earlier than the females and travel farther, being less tolerated by their father. The young foxes will frequently invade the territories of other established foxes and get chased out. The mortality rate is fairly high when this dispersal and finding new territory process takes place. Eventually, they will either take over another foxes range or find an unoccupied area of their own. At this point, the cycle begins anew, with male foxes and vixens seeking out one another to begin a new generation. A fox will not set up in a area where there are coyotes in that territory, unless it is on the very outskirts of it. Coyotes often will kill foxes.
So there you have it. I hope you have been as fascinated as I have been learning more about

W40-Fox Fun
God’s wonderful creation, and in particular this time, a creature so common to our state of Maine, The Red Fox!
This entry was posted on Tuesday, May 10th, 2011 at 11:33 pm and is filed under Articles. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.